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\begin{document}
\title{The current and future legal framework}
\subtitle{A Threat to Free Software and Computer Science}
%%\subtitle{Circumvention of Technical Protection (EUCD, DMCA)}
\author{Alexandre Dulaunoy}
\email{adulau@foo.be - adulau@freearchive.org}
\institution{NGO/ASBL AEL Association Electronique Libre (Belgium)}
\maketitle

\begin{slide}{Agenda 1/2}
\begin{itemize}
\item General Principles around Freedom in Computer Science
\item Freedom : an Ethical approach
\item Legal Framework
\begin{itemize}
\item \tiny A Paradoxical Situation or the importance of the balance
\end{itemize}
\item Legal Protection against the Circumvention of the Copy Protection
\begin{itemize}
\item \tiny The land of DMCA, EUCD, DMCRA...
\end{itemize} 
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Agenda 2/2}
\begin{itemize}
\item Imposing the use of copyright protection systems
\item ``Cybercrime'' law
\item Software patents
\item Free Software developers/company
\item Conclusion ?
\item Bibliography/ref/link
\item Q\&A
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Freedom in Computer Science 1/4}
\begin{itemize}
\item François-René Rideau\\
{\it "The Laws of Human Beings must not contradict that which Nature 
renders impossible to contradict"}\\
\begin{itemize}
\item  The exclusion principle of physical objects
\item  The non-exclusion principle of non-physical objects\\
\end{itemize}
You can kill a human being but not an idea...
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Freedom in Computer Science 2/4}
\begin{itemize}
\item Bernard Lang
\begin{itemize}
\item Ecology of ideas\\
{\it "...des idées, des concepts, et des objets immatériels qui, pour
 se développer, s'enrichir et s'épanouir, ont besoin de circuler, de s'associer,
 de se confronter, de se fertiliser les uns les autres."}
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Freedom in Computer Science 3/4}
\begin{itemize}
\item John Perry Barlow (EFF) - 1996 (CDA reaction)\\
\begin{itemize}
\item A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace\\
{\it "Your legal concepts of property, expression, identity, movement, and context 
do not apply to us. They are all based on matter, and there is no matter here."}
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Freedom in Computer Science 4/4}
\begin{itemize}
\item Richard Stallman (FSF)\\
\begin{itemize}
\item Four Freedoms of Free Software
\small
\begin{enumerate}
\item The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
\item The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs.
\item The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.
\item The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits.
\end{enumerate}
\tiny
 Accessibility of source code is a necessary condition for free software.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Freedom : an important note}
\begin{itemize}
\item Freedom is an ethical issue
\item Freedom is not a legal issue
\item Freedom is here without legislation
\item Disclaimer :
\item But after we'll talk about Freedom and legislation because legislation is hurting Freedom...
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Legal framework 1/2}
\begin{itemize}
\small
\item The balance of a legal framework that protects Freedom and a legal framework that removes Freedom. 
      {\it Or The paradox of the legal blob.}
\item Legal framework that can be used to "protect" Freedom :
\begin{itemize}
\item The use of the Copyright (for example The GNU General Public License) (Berne Convention)
\item The European Directive allows reverse engineering for interoperability (~Japan)
\item Europe : Munich Convention (article 52c) (paradoxical usage)
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Legal framework 2/2}
\begin{itemize}
\small
\item WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996 version) (author->editor)
\begin{itemize}
\item Article 11 (--> local law : DMCA / EUCD) 
\item Article 12 (--> ``DRM'')
\end{itemize}
\item Software Patents (in US / Japan)
\item International ``Cybercrime'' Treaty (Council of EU + ...)
\item DRM law (proposal directive)
\item Data retention (european directive proposal 351/133)
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{\small Legal Protection against the Circumvention of the Copy Protection}
\small
\begin{itemize}
\item WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996 version)
\begin{itemize}
\item{\it Obligations concerning Technological Measures 
                Contracting Parties shall provide adequate legal protection and 
effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological me
asures that are used by authors in connection with the exercise of their rights 
under this Treaty or the Berne Convention and that restrict acts, in respect of 
their works, which are not authorized by the authors concerned or permitted by law.}-> 2001/29/CE -> DMCA,EUCD
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{\small Legal Protection against the Circumvention of the Copy Protection}
\small
\begin{itemize}
\item (US) DMCA (Digital Millenium Copyright Act)
\begin{itemize}
\item  Multiple cases : bnetd, DeCSS, Elcomsoft, ...
\end{itemize}
\item (EUROPE) EUCD (European Copyright Directive) (2001/29/CE)
\begin{itemize}
\item Application in the national law for November 2002
\item Check http://www.eucd.info/
\end{itemize}
\item -> Fair-use, Computer Science Research, Competition, Cryptography, ...
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{\small Imposing the use of copyright protection systems}
\small
\begin{itemize}
\item SSSCA Security System Standards and Certification Act proposal
\begin{itemize}
\item CBDTPA Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act
\end{itemize}
\item  A work in-progress exists on a proposal Directive for Europe on imposing DRM (-> slowdown)
\item This type of law would require equipment manufacturers to embed government-approved copy protection systems into all computer equipment.
\item On the technical side, there is also some evolution on ``DRM''...
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{\small Issues on imposing the use of copyright protection systems}
\small
\begin{itemize}
\item Access to education
\begin{itemize}
\item The Right to Read (Richard Stallman, 1996)
\item Universal Declaration of Human Rights (article 27)
\end{itemize}
\item Reverse engineering
\begin{itemize}
\item Entrance price for RE will be higher (more difficult?)
\end{itemize} 
\item Life of information
\begin{itemize}
\item  Open Format and long-time preservation of information (archive)
\end{itemize}
\item Privacy 
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Cybercrime law}
\small
\begin{itemize}
\item International Cybercrime Treaty has been signed on 23 november 2001. (Council of Europe, US, Canada, Japan ...)
\begin{enumerate}
\item It includes a list of crimes that each member country must have on its books
\item It requires each participating nation to grant new powers of search and seizure to its law enforcement authorities
\item It requires law enforcement in every participating country to assist police from other participating countries by cooperating
\end{enumerate}
\item A proposal European directive (COM2002 173final) 
\item Reverse engineering issue, Computer Security...
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Software patents}
\small
\begin{itemize}
\item Software patents are forbidden in Europe (following the Munich Convention)
\item Software patents are legal in the US (and in Japan) (LPF - 1991)
\item European Patent Office (EPO) is trying to pass software patents with some tricks
\item A proposal Directive in favor of Sofware Patents in EU 
\begin{itemize}
\item Implementing idea -> the idea itself
\item Viscosity of research (danger for the innovation)
\item Free Software \& FS industry (RF licensing / RAND)
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Activism \small(from People to Free Software companies)}
\small
\begin{itemize}
\item Create/use/modify/distribute Free Software 
\item Promote privacy \& anonymity
\item Promote Open Standards and Free of access Standards
\item Boycott and talk about products including ``DRM''
\item Use correct terms (from GNU/Linux to not use "Intellectual Property"...)
\item Join / Help / make a donation to an association (FSF, EFF, FSF Europe,...)\item ...
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}
\begin{slide}{Conclusion?}
\begin{itemize}

\item Freedom is an ethical issue

\item Long terms plan are difficult or impossible

\item Day to day activism to promote the ethical value of Freedom 

\item ``Freedom of the Information'' exists but some are trying to create new boundaries... 

\end{itemize}
\end{slide}
\begin{slide}{Bibliography}
\tiny
Right to read, R. Stallman, http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html\\
Manifeste de la Libre information, http://fare.tunes.org/Manifeste.fr.html\\
A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace http://www.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html\\
        Cybercrime law\\
                http://www.aclu.org/issues/privacy/Cybercrime\_Feature.html\\
                http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/pdf/2002/com2002\_0173en01.pdf \\
                Ten Fallacies of Internet Censorship (Prof. Jeffrey Shallit)\\
                http://www.csi.uottawa.ca/~dduchier/misc/infohighway1.html\\
        Software Patents\\
                http://www.ael.be/node.php?id=52\\
                http://www.ffii.org/index.en.html\\

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Q\&A}
\begin{itemize}
\item adulau@foo.be - alexandre.dulaunoy@ael.be
\item 3B12 DCC2 82FA 2931 2F5B  709A 09E2 CD49 44E6 CBCD
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

\end{document}

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